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What exactly does an executor do?

What many people believe—and what you should know instead.

When you hear the word “executor,” it sounds pretty formal at first—like suits, legal clauses, and stacks of paperwork. Many people think:
“They read the will aloud and then distribute the estate—that’s all there is to it.”

That’s true—sort of. But only sort of. Because if you really want to understand how important the role of an executor can be, you have to look a little deeper. An executor isn’t just a messenger with a clipboard—they’re a key trusted figure. They’re an organizer, a mediator, and sometimes even a conciliator. And they bear a great deal of responsibility—legal, financial, and human.

What people think an executor does:

People’s ideas about what an executor actually does are often shaped by movies or hearsay. Common assumptions include:

“He reads the will aloud and then distributes the inheritance.”
“He’s really only there when there’s a fight.”
“Isn’t that usually what notaries do?”
“That’s only for rich people with complicated estates.”

These statements aren’t fundamentally wrong—but they don’t tell the whole story. For what may appear to be a simple formality on the surface is, in reality, a legally complex, often time-consuming, and sensitive process.

What an executor actually does:

An executor is appointed by the testator in the will to carry out the testator’s final wishes after death—from start to finish. The executor’s duties begin immediately upon the testator’s death and do not end until all matters related to the estate have been settled.

This includes, for example:

Securing the estate: The executor must act immediately. Securing real estate, having accounts frozen, safeguarding important documents, and identifying outstanding bills—all of these are among the first steps to take.
Estate administration and liquidation: Assets may need to be managed or sold—such as real estate, investments, or business interests. This is done in accordance with the will and under a legal obligation to the heirs.
Settling debts: The estate is not just what “remains”—outstanding debts (such as loan agreements, tax liabilities, and alimony obligations) must also be paid. Only then may the assets be distributed.
Distribution of the estate: This is probably the best-known aspect. However, a will does not always provide clear instructions on every detail. This requires tact and sensitivity—especially when dealing with communities of heirs.
Documentation and Accountability: The executor is required to keep detailed records of all actions taken and to be accountable to the heirs.

What many people don't know—but should:

In addition to the “obvious” tasks, executors often take on responsibilities that many people are unaware of—but which are of central importance:

It protects the heirs. Especially when minor children, people with disabilities, or estranged relatives are set to inherit, an executor provides structure and objectivity. They can help defuse conflicts or even prevent them altogether.
He is not bound by instructions. An executor acts independently. Even if all the heirs were in agreement, he may refuse to carry out decisions if they conflict with the testator’s last will and testament.
In some cases, he may be personally liable. Anyone who performs their duties negligently—such as overlooking debts, misvaluing assets, or missing legal deadlines—may, in the worst-case scenario, be held personally liable.
He handles tax obligations. This includes preparing and filing the inheritance tax return. The executor must ensure that the tax due is paid correctly and on time.
It can last for years. In some cases, the process does not conclude after just a few months. When, for example, real estate needs to be managed, a business needs to be continued, or an inheritance is to be paid out in installments over several years, the probate process can extend over a long period of time.

Who can serve as an executor?

In principle, any adult with legal capacity can serve as an executor. In practice, many testators appoint:
relatives or close friends (when there is a relationship of trust and the estate is straightforward), or professionals such as notaries, attorneys, tax advisors, or specialized estate administrators (when the financial situation is complex or disputes are anticipated).
It is important that the executor possess the necessary knowledge, sufficient time, and a good measure of diligence and empathy.

When is it advisable to appoint an executor?

The short answer: Whenever you want to ensure that your final wishes are carried out clearly, independently, and in accordance with the law. An executor is particularly helpful…

…in cases of substantial assets or real estate holdings.
…in cases where there are multiple (and possibly estranged) heirs.
…if an heir is unable to cope or is a minor.
…if companies or equity interests are part of the estate.
…when there is reason to fear that disputes will arise in the absence of a neutral authority.

How much does an executor cost?

As a rule, the executor receives compensation—either in an amount specified in the will or in accordance with statutory principles (usually based on the value of the estate). A standard flat-rate fee of approximately 1–4% of the gross estate value is common. In complex cases, it may also be advisable to reach an individual agreement.

Conclusion:

At some point, many people ask themselves: What will happen to my estate? Writing a will is a good and important step. But anyone who takes a closer look at their own estate should also think through how their wishes will be carried out.

An executor ensures that your final wishes are not only written down but also carried out—responsibly, in compliance with the law, and with as little conflict as possible.

That’s why our tip is:

Planning ahead creates clarity—not only for yourself but also for the people you leave behind.

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